Extraction-HPLC Green Methodology for Determination of Phenolic Compounds from Fruits by using Brij-58 Surfactant.

A green, simple and cost-effective, validated high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) with UV detector has been developed an analytical method for the simultaneous determination of the most significant phenolic compounds viz. Gallic acid (GA), Quercetin (QC) and Ferulic acid (FA). The detection limit of GA, QC, FA was 0.303, 0.168, 0.0976 µg/mL and quantitation limit was 0.918, 0.051, 0.295 µg/mL, respectively. All parameters of planned validated method were carried out as per the ICH guidelines. This analytical method was applied to determine the phenolic compounds in fruits cultivated in India. Phenolic compounds in fruits extract were quantified using regression equations. This method can be scaled up to determine the alkaloids from several medicinal and poisonous plants samples in pharmaceutical, forensics and industrial areas.

Efeitos do polietilenoglicol 3350 e de soluções acidificantes e alcalinizantes sobre o perfil bioquímico de éguas hígidas / Effects of polyethylene glycol 3350 and alkalizing and acidifying solutions on the biochemical profile of healthy mares

Avaliou-se o perfil bioquímico de cinco éguas hígidas tratadas com polietilenoglicol 3350 (PEG); ou com polietilenoglicol 3350+Ringer lactato (PEG+RL); ou com solução isotônica poliônica enteral (SIPE); ou com solução isotônica poliônica enteral associada ao Ringer lactato intravenoso (SIPE+RL); ou com solução de cloreto de sódio a 0,9% (NaCl 0,9%). Os parâmetros avaliados foram: sódio, cloreto, potássio, cálcio ionizado, fósforo, magnésio total, proteínas totais, albumina, creatinina, ureia e osmolaridade calculada no soro de sangue venoso. O tratamento PEG não alterou os parâmetros bioquímicos. O PEG+RL diminuiu o fósforo. O SIPE diminuiu o fósforo e aumentou o cloreto. O SIPE+RL aumentou o sódio, e o NaCl 0,9% ocasionou o aumento do cloreto e a redução da osmolaridade sérica. Concluiu-se que o tratamento PEG associado ao Ringer lactato pode provocar o aparecimento de hipofosfatemia, o SIPE ocasiona hipercloremia, o NaCl 0,9% diminui a osmolaridade sérica e o SIPE+RL provoca hipernatremia.

The biochemical profile of five healthy mares treated with polyethylene glycol 3350 (PEG); or polyethylene glycol 3350+Ringer lactate intravenous (PEG+RL); or enteral polionic isotonic solution (EPIS); or enteral polionic isotonic solution associated with Ringer lactate intravenous (EPIS+RL); or chloride sodium solution 0.9% (NaCl 0.9%) was evaluated. The parameters evaluated were: sodium, chloride, potassium, ionized calcium, phosphorus, total magnesium, total protein, albumin, creatinine, urea, and calculated serum osmolality of venous blood. PEG treatment did not alter biochemical parameters. PEG+RL decreased phosphorus. SIPE decreased phosphorus and increased chloride. The EPIS+RL caused an increase of sodium and NaCl 0.9% caused an increase of chloride and a reduction of serum osmolarity. It is concluded that PEG treatment associated with Ringer lactate solution can cause the appearance of hypophosphatemia, EPIS causes hyperchloremia, NaCl 0.9% decreases the serum osmolality and EPIS+RL causes hypernatremia.

Effect of surfactants and pH on naltrexone (NTX) permeation across buccal mucosa.

The objective of this pre-formulation study was to systematically investigate the effects of two surfactants (Brij 58(®) and Tween 80(®)) and change in solution pH on in vitro permeation of naltrexone HCl (NTX-HCl) across tissue engineered human buccal mucosa. For the study, 10mg/ml solutions of Tween 80(®) (0.1 and 1%, w/v) and Brij 58(®) (1%, w/v) were prepared in standard artificial saliva buffer solution (pH 6.8). For studying pH effects, solution pH was adjusted to either 7.5 or 8.2. As controls, three concentrations of NTX-HCl (2.5, 10 and 25mg/ml) were prepared. Using NTX standard solution (10mg/ml; pH 6.8), the permeation was observed between in vitro human and ex vivo porcine mucosa. It was observed that Brij 58(®) increased the permeation rates of NTX significantly. The flux of 10mg/ml solution (pH 6.8) increased from 1.9 ± 0.6 (× 10(2)) to 13.9 ± 2.2 (× 10(2))µg/(cm(2)h) (approximately 6-fold) in presence of 1% Brij 58(®). Increasing pH of NTX-HCl solution was found to increase the drug flux from 1.9 ± 0.6 (× 10(2)) (pH 6.8) to 3.0 ± 0.6 (× 10(2)) (pH 7.4) and 8.0 ± 3.5 (× 10(2)) (pH 8.2)µg/(cm(2)h), respectively. Histological analyses exhibited no tissue damage due to exposure of buccal tissue to Brij 58(®). The mean permeability coefficients (K(p)) for 2.5, 10 and 25mg/ml solutions of NTX-HCl (pH 6.8) were 5.0 (× 10(-2)), 1.8 (× 10(-2)) and 3.2 (× 10(-2))cm/h, respectively, consistent with data from published literature sources. Increase of NTX flux observed with 1% Brij 58(®) solution may be due to the effects of ATP. Increase in flux and the shortening of lag time observed by increasing in solution pH confirmed earlier finding that distribution coefficient (logD) of NTX is significantly affected by small increments in pH value and therefore plays an important role in NTX permeation by allowing faster diffusion across tissue engineered human buccal tissue.

Analysis of creams. III. Application of gas--liquid chromatography. Part I.

The possibilities of the gas--liquid chromatographic analysis with flame ionization detection of creams of the o/w emulsion type were investigated. Interferences by cream base components in the determination of the active compounds were studied. It appeared to be possible to determine active compounds with a retention index lower than 1900 on ov-17 (e.g. methyl salicylate, menthol, thymol camphor) without clean-up of the cream samples; for the determination of compounds with retention indices between 1900 and 3700, a simple clean-up step suffices. The possible analysis of some of the cream base components together with the active compounds of the creams was investigated as well. Cetomacrogol emulsifying wax, lanette was sx and cetiol v could be determined easily, whether or not a sample clean-up step was incorporated.

The influence of emulsifiers on drug diffusion from o/w creams.

Histamine diffusion from various 0/w creams containing different emulsifiers was studied. To confirm the diffusion study, possible drug-emulsifier interactions were studied by dialysis of their aqueous solutions. Interactions between histamine and anionic sodium laurylsulphate resulted in the absence of free diffusible histamine. No interaction was observed with the non-ionic cetomacrogol. Repulsion by the cationic cetrimide increased histamine diffusion rate and total diffusing amount because distribution occurred in accordance with the Donnan membrane equilibrium.

A simple method for the separation and assay of non-ionic detergents.

A simple one-dimensional thin-layer chromatographic separation method is described that permits separation and estimation of the non-ionic detergents Lubrol WX, Triton X-100 and Brij 58 in the presence of the common natural lipids.